TEACHING ENGLISH FOR LEARNERS

TEFL

1. APPROACH: A SET OF ASSUMPTION DEALING WITH THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE LEARNING AND TEACHING. ORAL APPROACH: LANGUAGE IS SPEECH. COMMUNICATION: LANGUAGE IS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD: THE WAY TO TEACH FL IS BY TRANSLATION GRAMMAR.

2. TEHNIQUE: SPECIFIC ACTIVITIES IN THE CLASSROOM THAT ARE CONSISTENT WITH A METHOD AND THEREFORE IN HARMONY WITH AN APPROACH AS WELL.

3. METHOD: AN OVERALL PLAN FOR SYSTEMATIC PRESENTATION OF LANGUAGE BASED ON SELECTED APPROACH.

4. GRAMMAR TRANSLATION METHOD: HELPING STUDENTS TO READ AND UNDERSTAND FOREIGN LANGUAGE LITERATURE. AND HOPED THE STUDENTS WOULD BECOME MORE FAMILIAR WITH THE LANGUAGE. PRINCIPLES: GOALS OF TEACHER: TO BE ABLE TO READ LITERATURE WRITTEN IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE, SO STUDENTS NEED TO LEARN ABOUT THE GRAMMAR AND VOCABULARY OF THE TARGET LANGUAGE. TEACHER’S AND STUDENTS’ ROLES: THE TEACHER IS THE LEADER OF THE CLASS AND STUDENTS DO AS HE SAYS.  TEACHING LEARNING PROCESS CHARACTERISTICS: STUDENTS ARE STUDY TO TRANSLATE ONE LANGUAGE TO ANOTHER. EMPHASIZE: LANGUAGE COMPONENT (VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR) AND SKILL (READING AND WRITING). ROLE OF STUDENTS’ NATIVE LANGUAGE : THE MEANING OF THE TARGET LANGUAGE IS MADE CLEAR BY TRANSLATING IT INTO THEIR STUDENTS’ NATIVE LANGUAGE. TEACHERS’ RESPONSES  TO STUDENTS’ ERROR: COMPLETE THE CORRECT FORM.

5. TECHNIQUES OF GTM: TRANSLATION OF A LITERARY PASSAGE, READING COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS, ANTONYMS-SYNONYMS, COGNATES, DEDUCTIVE APPLICATION RULES, FILL IN THE BLANKS, MEMORIZATION, USE WORD IN SENTENCES, COMPOSITION.

6. DIRECT METHOD: THE WAY OF TEACHING ENGLISH WITHOUT TRANSLATION BUT USING NATIVE TONGUE, AND MEANING WAS TRANSFERRED DIRECTLY THROUGH DEMONSTRATION AND ACTION. AS FOR THE NEW VOCABULARY TEACHING BY USING DEMONSTRATION/PICTURES. PRINCIPLES: STUDENTS AND TEACHER ARE PARTNER IN LEARNING ACTIVITIES. TEACHERS USE THE DIRECT METHOD INTEND THAT STUDENTS LEARN HOW TO COMMUNICATE IN THE TARGET LANGUAGE. LANGUAGE IS PRIMARILY SPOKEN. VOCABULARY EMPHASIZED OVER GRAMMAR. STUDENTS’ NATIVE LANGUAGE SHOULD NOT BE USED IN THE CLASSROOM. TEACHER RESPONDS TO STUDENTS ERROR BY USING VARIOUS TECHNIQUES.

7. TECHNIQUE OF DIRECT METHOD: READING ALOUD, QUESTION AND ANSWER EXERCISE, GETTING THE STUDENTS TO SELF CORRECT, CONVERSATION PRACTICE, FILL IN THE BLANK EXERCISE, DICTATION, MAP DRAWING, PARAGRAPH WRITING.

8. AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD: THE WAY OF TEACHING ENGLISH BY THE INTRODUCTION OF LANGUAGE, THE FOCUS ON ACCURACY THROUGH DRILL AND PRACTICE IN THE BASIC STRUCTURE AND SENTENCE PATTERN OF THE TARGET LANGUAGE. PRINCIPLES: LANGUAGE IS SPEECH, LANGUAGE IS A SET OF HABITS, LANGUAGE IS A SYSTEMATIC THAT RELATED TO STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS, NEW VOCABULARY AND STRUCTURE ARE PRESENTED THROUGH DIALOGUE AND DRILL, DIALOGUES ARE LEARNED THROUGH IMITATION AND REPETITION, TEACHER AS MODEL AND STUDENTS AS IMITATORS, EMPHASIZE ON SPEAKING AND LISTENING ABILITIES. THE STRONGEST OF ALM: TRAIN THE STUDENTS IN LISTENING COMPREHENSION, ACCURATE IN PRONOUNCIATION, RECOGNITION OF SPEECH SYMBOL. THE WEAKNESS OF ALM: STUDENTS DO NOT UNDERSTAND WHAT IS SAID. TEACHER DOMINATES IN TEACHING AND LEARNING ACTIVITY, THE METHOD STRESSES ON THE MECHANISM ASPECT OF LANGUAGE LEARNING AND LANGUAGE USE.

9. TECHNIQUES OF AUDIO LINGUAL METHOD: DIALOGUE MEMORIZATION, BACKWARD BUILD UP (EXPANSION) EXERCISE, REPETITION EXERCISE, CHAIN EXERCISE SINGLE SLOT SUBTITUTION EXERCISE, TRANSFORMATION EXERCISE, QUESTION ANSWER EXERCISE, USE OF MINIMAL PAIRS, COMPLETE THE DIALOGUE, GRAMMAR GAME.

10. SILENT WAY: THE WAY OF TEACHING ENGLISH BY DIRECTING AND MONITORING THESTUDENTS’ PERFORMANCE ABOUT HOW LANGUAGE WORKS.    

11. SUUGESTOPEDIA: THE WAY OF TEACHING ENGLISH BY THE TEACHER’S MOTIVATION FOR STUDENTS TO SPEAK ENGLISH IN DAILY CONVERSATION.

12. COMMUNITY LANGUAGE LEARNING: THE WAY OF TEACHING ENGLISH TROUGH THE ROLE OF CONSELORS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL CONSELING.

13. TOTAL PHYSICAL RESPONSE METHOD: THE WAY OF TEACHING ENGLISH BY THE ROLE OF COMPREHENSION IN THE SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION AND SHOULD BE USED WITH OTHER METHODS AND TECHNIQUES. PRINCIPLES: HAVING THE STUDENS ENJOY THEIR EXPERIENCE IN LEARNING TO COMMUNICATE IN FOREIGN LANGUAGE. THE TEACHER IS A LEADER OF STUDENTS, THE INTERACTION BETWEEN TEACHER AND STUDENTS IS CHARACTERIZED BY THE TEACHER SPEAKING AND STUDENTS RESPONDING, LATER ON, THE STUDENTS BECOME MORE VERBAL AND THE TEACHER RESPONDS NONVERBALLY. THE INTERACTION BETWEEN STUDENTS-STUDENTS IS CHARACTERIZED BY STUDENTS PERFORMING THE ACTION TOGETHER. TECHNIQUES: USING COMMANDS TO DIRECT BEHAVIOUR, ROL REVESAL, ACTION SEQUENCE.

14. COMMUNICATIVE APPROACH: THE WAY OF TEACHING ENGLISH BY THE MORE HUMANISTIC APPROACH AND THE INTERACTIVE PROCESSES BY THE COMMUNICATION PRIORITY IT ENABLING THE STUDENTS IN COMMUNICATE USING THE TARGET LANGUAGE. PRINCIPLES: THE GOAL IS TO HAVE ONE’S STUDENTS BECOME COMMUNICATIVELY COMPETENT. LANGUAGE IS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION, LEARNING BY DOING, MISTAKE IS NOT ALWAYS REGARDED AS A MISTAKE. LEARNING FROM A WHOLE TO PART, PROCESS IS AS IMPORTANT AS THE FORM, TEACHER IS A FACILITATORS AND STUDENTS ARE NEGOTIATORS, STRUCTURE IS TAUGHT THEMATICALLY. THE STRONG OF CA: MOTIVATES THE TEACHER, FOCUSES ON STUDENTS’ NEED AND BACKGROUND, STUDENTS ARE ACTIVE IN DOING COMMUNICATION, ENCOURAGES THE STUDENTS TO HAVE COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE. THE WEAKNEES OF CA: GRAMMAR IS NOT TAUGHT IN DETAIL. THE STUDENTS HAVE DIFFICULTIES HOW TO MAKE THE CORRECT SENTENCE, MOST OF THEM ARE LACK OF HAVING VOCABULARY, MOST OF THEM DO NOT UNDERSTAND HOW TO EXPRESS THE IDEAS GIVEN IN WRITTEN, TEACHER CAN’T CORRECT THE STUDENTS MISTAKE CORRECTLY. TECHNIQUES: AUTHENTIC MATERIALS, SCRAMBLED SENTENCES, LANGUAGE GAMES, PICTURE STRIP STORY, ROLE PLAY.

15. MEANINGFULNESS APPROACH: LANGUAGE IS A MEANS OF EXPRESSING IDEAS, THOUGHT, AND FEELING IN LINE WITH CULTURE OF THE LANGUAGE. CHARACTERISTICS: LANGUAGE IS AMEANS FOR EXPRESSING MEANING, THROUGH STRUCTURE, MEANING IS DETERMINED BY ITS CONTEXT FOR EACH SITUATION IN THE SENTENCE, LEARNING LANGUAGE IS LEARNING TO USE THE LANGUAGE AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION. THE MATERIALS STRUCTURE AND VOCABULARY SUPPORT THE LANGUAGE SKILL.