Linguistics

LINGUISTICS

1. LANGUAGE IS THE SYSTEM OF ARBITRARY VOCAL SYMBOL AND USED FOR THE HUMAN COMMUNICATION.

2. SYSTEMATIC ORGANIZED BY SYSTEM, RULES, AND PATTERNS: SOUND AND MEANING.

3. ARBITRARY (MANASUKA) SELECTED AT RANDOM WITHOUT REASON.

4. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN HUMAN AND ANIMAL LANGUAGES B(C.F. HOCKETT): DUALITY: IT HAS 2 SUB SYSTEMS: SOUND AND MEANING. PRODUCTIVITY:  SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, ARBITRARINESS: THERE IS NO RELATION BETWEEN THING AND SOUND,  INTERCHANGABLE: CREATE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SPEAKER AND LISTENER. DISPLACEMENT: IT CAN BE USED TO TALK ABOUT SOMETHING IN THE PAST, PRESENT, FUTURE. SPEACIALIZATION: IT CAN BE USED FOR CERTAIN CONTEXT BASED ON IT’S FUNCTION. CULTURAL TRANSMISSION: IT CAN BE DISTRIBUTED FROM ONE LOCATION TO ANOTHER, REFLEXIVE: IT CAN BE USED TO EXPLAIN THE LANGUAGE IT SELF. SEMANTICALLY: IT HAS MEANING.

5. LNGUISTIC: IS THE SCIENTIFIC OF THE LANGUAGE IN ITS SOCIAL DIMENSIONS AS THE SYSTEM OF HUMAN COMMUNICATION.

6. LINGUISTICS THEORIES PROVIDE THE TEACHER WITH SYSTEMATIC WAYS OF CLASSIFYING AND ORGANIZING THE LINGUISTIC FACTS TO BE TAUGHT. EX: PART OF LANGUAGE INTO PHONOLOGICAL, MORPHOLOGICAL, SYNTACT, AND SEMANTIC.

7. LINGUISTIC DIVISIONS: PHONOLOGY: THE STUDY OF SOUND PRODUCTION AND STRUCTURAL RELATION.

8. PHONEME IS THE SMALLEST UNIT OF SOUND IN A LANGUAGE WHICH SIGNALS DIFFERENCE IN MEANING, DIVISIONS: VOWEL: THE SPEECH SOUND WHICH IS PRODUCED BY THE FLOW WITHOUT ANY ABSTRACTION. MONOPTHONG: THE VOWEL SOUND WITHOUT ANY NOTICEABLE TONGUE MOVEMENTS. DIPTHONG: THE VOWEL SOUND INVOLVING NOTICEABLE TONGUE  MOVEMENT. TRIPTHONG: THE SYLLABLE NUCLEUS CONSISTING OF SEQUENCE VOWEL. CONSONANT: THE SPEECH SOUND WHICH IS PRODUCED BY THE AIR FLOW WITH SOME ABSTRACTION. CLASSIFICATIONS: MANNER: STOPS: CONSONANT WHICH ARE PRONOUNCED BY CUTTING OFF COMPLETELY THE FLOW OF AIR EMANATING FROM THE LUNGS. VOICED SOUNDS: PRODUCED BY VIBRATING THE VOCAL CORDS. VOICELESS: VOICE WITHOUT VIBRATION, FRICATIVES: PRODUCED BY ALLOWING THE AIR TO ESCAPE THROUGH A NARROW CONSTRICTION IN THE ORAL CAVITY. VOICED SOUND: v,z,dh,jh, VOICELESS: f, s, th, sh, h. AFFRICATES: ARTICULATED IN A COMBINED FASHION, THEY BEGINS AS STOPS AND END AS FRICATIVES: j. NASAL: PRONOUNCED BY ALLOWIBG THE AIR TO FLOW THROUGH NOSE: m, LIQUID, LATERALS: PRODUCED BY LOWERING ONE OR BOTH SIDES OF THE TONGUE: I, VIBRANTS: ARTICULATED BY RAISING THE TONGUE TOWARDS THE ROOF OF THE MOUTH:R.  PLACE:  BIILLABEAL: p,b,m. LABIODENTAL: f,v. INTERDENTAL: th, dh.  ALVEOLAR: t, d, s, z, n, i, r. PALATAL: sh, jh, j. VELAR: k, , ng. Glottal: h.   MORPHOLOGY: THE STUDY OF THE MORPHEMES IN A LANGUAGE OR THE STUDY OF WORD FORMATION, SYNTAX: THE STUDY OF HOW WORDS, PHRASES, AND CLAUSES ARE COMBINED TO FORM SENTENCES/STUDY OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE. SEMANTICS: THE STUDY AND DESCRIPTION MEANING.  

9. PHONETICS: THE STUDY OF SPEECH SOUND. DIVISION: AUDITORY PHONETICS: THE WAY OF PRODUCTION SPEECH SOUND. ACOUSTIC PHONETICS: THE TRANSMISSION OF SPEECH, ARTICULATORY PHONETICS: THE WAY TO GET OF THE SPEECH SOUND: CONTOID: SOUND CHARACTERIZED BY INTERRUPTION IN THE AIR SYSTEM. VOCOID: THE CONTINUES SOUND WHICH ARE DIFFICULT TO LOCATE ON THE TONGUE. ORGAN OF SPEECH: NASAL, CAVITY, ALVEOLAR RIDGE, HARD PALATE VELUM (SOFT PALATE) LIPS, TEETH, ORAL CAVITY, UVULA, TONGUE, VOCAL CORDS. LARYNX: THE BONY STRUCTURE IN FRONT OF THREAT A WHICH CONTAINS A VALVE CONSIST OF TWO MEMBRANES. PHARYNX:  A CHAMBER BETWEEN THE ROOF OF TONGUE AND THE BACK WALL OF THE THROAT EXTENDING FROM THE NASAL CAVITY TO THE LARYNX.

10. MORPHOLOGY: IS THE STUDY OF THE MORPHEMES IN A LANGUAGE/THE STUDY OF WORD FORMATION. MORPHOLOGY: THE SMALLEST MEANINGFUL UNIT OF SOUND IN LANGUAGE. MORPHOLOGY CLASSIFICATION: FREE: FUNCTIONS MORPHEMES AND MOST LEXEMES: -VENE: INTERVEN. BOUND: ALL AFIXES: PREFIXES: AFFIXED TO THE BEGINNING OF A FORM: DIS, IN, UN, NON, MIS: EX: UNHAPPY, INFIXES: AFFIXED INTERNALLY, TEACHERS, SUFFIXES: AFFIXED AT THE END. ION, ALITY, ED, ANCY, FUL, IOUS, ING.

11. SYNTAX: THE STUDY OF HOW WORDS PHRASES, AND CLAUSES ARE COMBINED TO FORM SENTENCES OR THE STUDY OF SENTENCE STRUCTURE. (GRAMMAR).

12. SYNTACTIC CATEGORY: NOUN PHRASE: FUNCTIONS AS SUBJECT OR OBJECT IN A SENTENCE AND GENERALLY CONTAINS NOUN AND PRONOUN. VERB PHRASE: ALWAYS CONTAINS A VERB, WHICH MAY BE FOLLOWED BY OTHER CONSTITUTIONS, SUCH AS NOUN PHRASE.  PART OF SPEECH:  SENTENCE: IS ALWAYS SUBDIVIDED INTO NOUN PHRASE AND VERB PHRASE,  NOUN: NAME OF THING, PEOPLE, PLACE OR STATE. PRONOUN: SUBSTITUTING FOR NOUN. VERB: ACTION OR STATE THAT RELATES THE NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. ADJECTIVE: QUALIFIES NOUN OR PRONOUN. ADVERB: DESCRIBE MANNER, TIME, COMPLEMENTISER, DETERMINER:  WORD WHICH LIMITS THE NOUN THAT FOLLOWS: ARTICLE: THE, A, AN. DEMONSTRATIVE: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE. INDETERMINATE: SOME, ANY, EITHER, EVERY, EACH, MUCH. PREDETERMINER: ALL, BOTH, HALP. DETERMINATE: FEW, FEWER, FEWEST, LITTLE, LESS, MANY, MORE, MOST. NUMERAL: ONE, TWO, THREE, POSSESIVE PRONOUN: ‘S, MY, HIS, HER. PREPOSITION: OCCUR BEFORE A NOUN, TO EXPRESS THE RELATIONS OF THEM. EX: UNDER, OF, ON.

13. PHRASE IS A SENTENCE WHICH ITSELF CONTAINS OTHER UNIT OR CONSTITUENT OR A GROUP OF WORDS WITHOUT SUBJECT/OBJECT.

14. PHRASE STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: A TYPE OF SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS BY USING LABELS FOR THE SNTENCES, ALLOW THE LINGUIST TO DETERMINE THE BASIC PHRASE, CLAUSE AND SENTENCE PATTERN, HELPS THE STUDENTS TO UNDERSTAND THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN SENTENCE CONSTRUCTION.

15. CLAUSE IS PART OF SENTENCE CONTAINING SUBJECT AND PREDICATE.

16. ADVERB PHRASE CONSISTS OF: A DEGREE OF ADVERB: TELL US WHAT DEGREE SOMETHING DONE: VERY, QUITE, TOO, HIGHLY. CIRCUMSTANCE ADVERB: IT IS ADEVRB: LOUDLY, PAST.

17. PREPOSITION: FOLLOWING TO SMALL GROUP OR CLASS OR WORDS WHICH EXPRESS RELATIONS OF PLACE, TIME, POSITION.

18. PROPORTIONAL PHRASE (PP) CONSIST OF PREPOSITION FOLLOWED BY A NOUN PHRASE.

19. VERBS: TRANSITIVE VERBS: A CLASS WHICH TAKES AN OBJECT TO COMPLETE THE VERB PHRASE. INTRANSITIVE VERBS: A CLASS OF VERB WHICH DOES NOT TAKE AN OBJECT TO COMPLETE VERB PHRASE. DITRANSITIVE VERBS: ANOTHER CLASS OF VERB WHICH OCCURS WITH OBJECT (DO AND IO). INTENSIVE VERBS: A RELATIONAL LINKING OR POPULAR (KT.KERJA PENGHUBUNG). COMPLEX TRANSITIVE VERBS.